Substantiated Complaints facts

While investigating facts about Substantiated Complaints Oregon Care Facilities and Not Substantiated Complaints, I found out little known, but curios details like:

On average, a male cop in the US will generate twice as many complaints, 8.5 times as many substantiated complaints, and will result in 2.5 times as many settlement payouts as a female officer.

how is substantial evidence defined?

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what is a substantiated complaint?